Question 1

Who must sign GST filings with a DSC, and who can use EVC?

Accepted Answer

Companies and limited liability partnerships must authenticate registration applications and returns with a Digital Signature Certificate of the authorised signatory; the Electronic Verification Code route is not ordinarily available to them, though the government has periodically allowed EVC for companies during specified relaxation windows. Proprietorships, partnerships, HUFs and trusts can freely use EVC, an OTP sent to the authorised signatory's registered mobile and email. The DSC must be a Class 3 signature registered on the portal against the signatory's PAN. If a company's filings fail at the signing step, an expired or unregistered DSC is the usual culprit.

Question 2

What is the penalty for running a business without GST registration?

Accepted Answer

A taxable person who is liable to register but fails to do so faces a penalty of Rs.10,000 or the amount of tax evaded, whichever is higher, under Section 122 of the CGST Act. Beyond the penalty, the department can demand the tax for the entire unregistered period with interest at 18 percent per annum, and you cannot recover that tax from customers you billed without GST. Goods moved without registration and e-way bills, required for consignments above Rs.50,000, also risk detention. If your turnover has crossed the threshold, registering within thirty days is far cheaper than regularising later.

Question 3

Why is there GST on an under-construction flat but not on a ready-to-move one?

Accepted Answer

Construction of an apartment intended for sale is a supply of service only when any part of the consideration is received before the completion certificate is issued or before first occupation. Such under-construction sales attract 1 percent for affordable residential apartments and 5 percent for other residential apartments, both without input tax credit to the builder. Once the completion certificate is issued, sale of the building is neither a supply of goods nor of services under Schedule III, so a ready-to-move flat carries no GST at all, only stamp duty and registration charges. Timing of booking therefore changes the buyer's cost materially.

Question 4

How do I round off tax amounts on a GST invoice?

Accepted Answer

Section 170 of the CGST Act prescribes normal rounding to the nearest rupee: where the tax contains a part of a rupee, fifty paise or more is rounded up to one rupee, and less than fifty paise is ignored. The rounding is applied to the tax amount on each invoice, separately for each tax head, so CGST and SGST are each rounded individually rather than rounding only the invoice total. Most billing software handles this automatically, but spreadsheets and manual bills often round the grand total instead, creating one-rupee mismatches that clutter reconciliations across thousands of invoices.

Question 5

Do I have to issue an invoice for every small cash sale in my shop?

Accepted Answer

Not necessarily. Where the value of a supply is less than Rs.200, the buyer is unregistered, and the buyer does not ask for an invoice, you may skip issuing an individual tax invoice. Instead, you must prepare one consolidated tax invoice at the close of each day covering all such small sales. The moment a customer demands an invoice, or the sale is Rs.200 or more, a proper invoice is required. Retail counters typically issue system receipts to every customer anyway, which is cleaner practice, but the daily consolidated invoice is the legal minimum for petty sales.

Question 6

What is the GST rate for restaurants and food delivery now?

Accepted Answer

Standalone restaurants, eateries and cloud kitchens charge 5 percent GST without input tax credit. Restaurants located in hotels where the room tariff exceeds Rs.7,500 per day fall in the specified premises category and charge 18 percent with input tax credit. Food ordered through e-commerce operators such as Swiggy and Zomato is taxed at 5 percent, with the platform liable to pay the tax on restaurant services supplied through it. A restaurant in Korukkupet paying 5 percent must remember that GST on its rent, gas and equipment purchases becomes a cost, since credit is barred.

Question 7

What is the difference between the electronic cash ledger and the electronic credit ledger?

Accepted Answer

The electronic cash ledger reflects actual money you have deposited through challans, plus TDS and TCS credits you have accepted; it can pay tax, interest, penalty, late fee and any other amount. The electronic credit ledger reflects input tax credit claimed through your returns, and it can be used only for paying output tax, never for interest, penalty or late fee. Both are visible under Services, then Ledgers, after login. Refund of an excess cash balance is possible, while credit is refundable only in specified cases such as exports and inverted duty structure.

Question 8

How much time do I get to raise an invoice for services?

Accepted Answer

A tax invoice for services must be issued within thirty days from the date of supply of the service. For banks, insurers, financial institutions and NBFCs, the limit is forty-five days. Where services are supplied continuously, the invoice follows the contract: if the due date of payment is ascertainable, invoice on or before that date; if not, invoice when payment is received; and if payment is linked to completion of an event or milestone, invoice on or before its completion. Consultants and agencies that bill quarterly should check their contracts against these rules, since late invoicing defers nothing legally.

Question 9

What are the current GST rate slabs after the GST 2.0 changes?

Accepted Answer

From 22 September 2025, following the 56th GST Council meeting, India moved to a simplified two-slab structure: a merit rate of 5 percent and a standard rate of 18 percent. The earlier 12 percent and 28 percent slabs were abolished. A special 40 percent rate applies to a short list of luxury and demerit goods, while the concessional rates of 3 percent on gold and silver and 0.25 percent on rough diamonds continue. Businesses in Korukkupet should re-verify the rate on every product they sell, because hundreds of items changed slabs on that date.

Question 10

We hire cabs monthly for employee transport in Korukkupet. Who pays the GST?

Accepted Answer

If the cab operator is not a body corporate, charges 5 percent, and your business is a body corporate, the liability shifts to you under reverse charge. The entry covers renting of motor vehicles designed to carry passengers where the cost of fuel is included in the consideration. If the operator is itself a company, or bills at the higher rate with full ITC, 18 percent since the September 2025 rate rationalisation, forward charge applies and the operator collects the tax. Remember that even after paying RCM, the ITC on employee transport in vehicles seating up to thirteen is blocked under Section 17(5) unless providing the transport is obligatory for the employer under a law.

Question 11

When can goods move on a delivery challan instead of a tax invoice?

Accepted Answer

Rule 55 permits movement on a delivery challan where the transportation is not itself a supply: sending inputs or capital goods for job work, taking goods to an exhibition or for approval where the sale is not yet certain, supplying liquid gas where the quantity is unknown at removal, and moving goods in semi-knocked-down form in multiple consignments, where the full invoice travels with the first lot. The challan is prepared in triplicate and an e-way bill is still required where value thresholds are crossed. Goods sent on approval must be invoiced within six months, failing which tax becomes payable.

Question 12

My customer in Mumbai asked me to deliver goods directly to his buyer in Korukkupet. How do I bill this?

Accepted Answer

This is a bill-to ship-to transaction under Section 10(1)(b). When goods are delivered to a third party on the instruction of your customer, the law deems your customer's principal place of business as the place of supply, not the actual delivery point. So you invoice the Mumbai customer with IGST even though the goods physically moved within Tamil Nadu, and the Mumbai customer raises a second invoice on the ultimate recipient in Korukkupet. Only one e-way bill is needed for the movement, generated by either party with both invoice legs captured. Wrongly billing the delivery-point state is a classic error that misplaces the credit chain entirely.

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